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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00061_Field_frep02.txt
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1996-12-30
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BIPOLAR CELLS AND HORIZONTAL
CELLS
To record from a cell in the
nervous system is one thing: it
is another to record from a cell
and know exactly what kind of
cell it is. This microscopic
picture shows a single bipolar
cell in the retina of a goldfish,
recorded in 1971 by Akimichi
Kaneko, then at Harvard
Medical School. The fact that it
is a bipolar cell and not an
amacrine or horizontal cell was
proven by injecting a
fluorescent dye, procyon
yellow, through the
microelectrode. The dye spread
throughout the cell, revealing
its shape. In this cross section,
receptors are on top.
Horizontal cells and bipolar
cells occur, along with
amacrine cells, in the middle
layer of the retina. The bipolar
cells occupy a strategic position
in the retina, since all the
signals originating in the
receptors and arriving at the
ganglion cells must pass
through them. This means that
they are a part of both the
direct and indirect paths. In
contrast, horizontal cells are a
part of the indirect path only.
As you can see from the diagram
later in this section,
horizontal cells are much less
numerous than bipolar cells,
which tend to dominate the
middle layer.
Before anyone had recorded
from bipolar cells, the big
unknown was whether they
would prove to have center-
surround receptive fields, as
ganglion cells do, and come in
two types, on center and off
center. If the answer was yes, it
would almost certainly mean
that the organization
discovered by Kuffler for
ganglion cells was a passive
reflection of bipolar-cell
organization. The knowledge
that the receptive fields of
bipolar cells were indeed
center-surround and were of
two types came from
intracellular recordings first
made by John Dowling and
Frank Werblin at Harvard
Biological Laboratories and by
Akimichi Kaneko at Harvard
Medical School. The next
question is how these receptive
fields are built up. To answer it
we have to begin by examining
the connections of receptors,
bipolar cells, and horizontal
cells.